REFELECTION........

Hello Mam,

          Good Evening........... Last week all internal exams was very easy to me and Research Methodology paper questions random, non-random sample and APA format questions were very easy to me. This questions are useful to my main exam mam........... 

Thank you Mam..........

               

Hello Mam,

We have successfully done our internship program last week. After long time I am posting reflection on Research Methodology. Last week two classes were over, the one class was about Null hypothesis which was taken by Dean mam and the other class was lectured by you that is Historical Research.  You have taught and gave idea about source of data, steps and purpose of Historical research. Moreover the concept of Internal and External Criticism were understood clearly.

Thank you Mam

Hello mam,

  

I am very thankful to you, because now-a-days I have more interest to reading books, newspaper, and journals. These are done by you only mam. I think you have some magic in your voice. All the students mesmerizing when you taught in the class. I really enjoyed very much. This week you taught about the validity and reliability. That table is very crystal clear to me. I understood validity is the main power to the research methodology. 

Thank you very much mam!!!!

Reflection

Hai Mam Good evening,

This week was very interested to me. You taught validity and reliability sample, content, format these types very understood to me mam.

      You taught us about criterion related evidence of validity in which is divided into two i.e)predict validity b)concurrent validity and also about validity co-efficient and construct validity.This is very useful to future research work.

 Am happy to join the journey with you mam.

THANKING YOU MAM...

Assignment 4

1)Data's are facts or information used usually to calculate, analyze, or plan something. Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

2) The instrumentation process defines what data need to be collected and the timing of the data collection process. Instrumentation refers to the use of various survey instruments such as questionnaires, interview schedule, rating scale etc.

3) The three different methods of data collection are observation, interview and sociometric technique.

4) Data collection instruments are the devices through which the researcher collects data from the sample. They are divided into three categories’ namely

I-Researcher instruments 

II-subject instruments                                                                                                      

III-Informants instruments

 5) The various types of (i) Research instruments are-

 a) Rating scale- These are the instruments having numerical or descriptive character and the researcher has to rate the performance or behavior of the sample by careful observation.

 b) Interview schedule- It has specific predetermined questions which has to be asked by the interviewer at the time of interview to avoid time delay and unwanted questions.

 c) Tally Sheet- It bears a number of desirable behaviors and the researcher has to tally it with the number of occurrence of that behavior.

 d) Anecdotal record–This record gives a brief description about one’s evaluation, interpretation of an observation or some general and specific views about the sample.

 e) Checklist- It possesses the general characteristics of a behavior and the researcher only observes whether that particular behavior is present or not.

 ii) Subject instruments are-

 a) Questionnaire- It bears a number of questions related to a specific area according to the need of the researcher. These questions may be of true/false type or MCQ type. The subject has to response accordingly.

 b) Attitude scale- There are various types of attitude scales. It may be an eleven point scale or a five point scale. Researcher has to rate according to the desirability of the attitude.

 c) Performance inventory- It is used to rate the performance on a specific trait.

 d) Projective devices- It projects or predicts the amount of a particular trait such as interest, personality, motivation in an individual in future. The tests like thematic appreciation test, Rorschach ink blot test are the examples.

 6) An unobtrusive measure is a method of making observations without the knowledge of those being observed. Unobtrusive measures are designed to minimize a major problem in social research, which is how a subject’s awareness of the research project affects behavior and distorts research results. The main drawback, however, is that there is a very limited range of information that can be gathered this way.

 Examples are-

 I) One way to assess the effect of racial integration in schools is to compare the academic records of students educated in schools whose student populations vary in their degree of racial heterogeneity.

 ii) Access the level of discipline among students in the playground.

 7) Different Scales of measurements are-

a. Nominal Scale: It is simply a system of assigning number symbols to events in order to label them Example: assigning numbers to football players in order to identify them just for convenience, no quantitative value is present here.

 b. Ordinal Scale: The lowest level of the ordered scale that is commonly used is the ordinal scale .This scale places events in order .Example- Rank orders represent ordinal scales,a student’s rank in his graduation class involves the use of ordinal scale .These scales have no absolute values .All that we can say is that one person is higher or lower in rank on the scale. It just mentions greater than or less than without stating how much greater or less.

 c. Interval scale: The interval scale has equal interval between two consecutive points. The interval between 1 and 2 equals the difference between 2 and 3. In this case the intervals are adjusted in terms of some rule that has been established as a basis for making the units equal. These scales can have an arbitrary zero .it lacks a true zero .The Fahrenheit scale is an example of an interval scale.

 d. Ratio Scale: It incorporates all the powers of previous three Scales. They have an absolute or true zero of measurement .Example- measurement of physical dimensions like height, weight, distance and area.

 

Hello mam,

First I ask sorry to you mam for the late reflection.

I have learnt about the tools in the last week. It is very useful to us. The different types of tools and the sub categories of the tools and how the way it is used in the research work is very interesting for me. When you teach this method I never forgot the tools madam.

 Thank you very much madam.

Hello mam,

   Good morning.   HAPPY TEACHER’S DAY TO YOU MAM. This week i felt very happy. This week I learnt about the sampling types. It will be helpful for my research work. I enjoyed the teacher’s day celebration. I appreciated to all my friends who are joining with the great event. I try to learn the research methodology soon I will join with your journey. I wondered about one of my friend MEHER such a nice human being. He was also a good not good but the best observer. I like him very much.

Thank you mam

Assignment 3:

 1. Generalization in Sampling:

                                      Generalization refers, to the process of drawing a general conclusion from specific observations. Instead of doing research on the whole population researcher may take few samples and than applying the result to the whole population. The result taken from the sample can be applicable or generalize to the group. 

2. Population and Sample are two important terms in the subject ‘Statistics’. In simple terms, population is the largest collection of items that we are interested to study, and the sample is a subset of a population.

Sample

   A sample may consist of two or more items that have been selected out of the population. The lowest possible size for a sample is two and highest would equals to the size of population.

Population

         Any collection of entities, which are interesting to investigate is simply defined as ‘population.’ Population is the base for samples. Any set of objects in the universe can be a population, based on the declaration of study. Generally, a population should be comparatively large in size and hard to infer some characteristics by considering its items individually.

sample vs Population

           The interesting relationship between the sample and the population is that the population can exist without a sample, but, sample may not exist without population. This argument further proves that a sample depends on a population, but interestingly, most of the population inferences depend on the sample. The main purpose of a sample is to estimate or infer some measurements of a population as accurate as possible. A higher accuracy can be inferred from the overall result obtained from several samples of the same population rather than from one sample. Another important thing to know is, when selecting more than one sample from a population one item can also be included in another sample. This case is known as ‘samples with replacements’. Further more, investing the relevant measurements of the population from a sample and obtaining almost similar output is a golden opportunity to save the cost and time value.

          It is crucial to know that, when the sample size increases, the accuracy of the estimate for the population parameter also increases. Logically, in order to have better estimates for the population, sample size should not be too small. Further, random samples also should be considered to have better estimates. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention on the size and randomness of the sample to be representative to get best estimates for the population.

3.   A subset of a statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population. A representative sample should be an unbiased indication of what the population is like. In a classroom of 30 students in which half the students are male and half are female, a representative sample might include six students: three males and three females.

4. Target population means the whole population like population of the India, if we want to study the intelligence of all students of India age group (12-20) then it is known as

target population.

     Accessible population means a part of target population. It quite difficult to study the whole at a short time that's why use the term accessible means we can take a part of whole population, it helps us to study the matter easily.

5.  Randomization:

         To make random in arrangement, especially in order to control the variables in an experiment.

         In other words randomization is a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance

Random selection:

           Random selection is how you draw the sample of people for your study from a population.

 Random assignment:

         Random assignment is how you assign the sample that you draw to different groups or treatments in your study.

It is possible to have both random selection and assignment in a study. Let's say you drew a random sample of 100 clients from a population list of 1000 current clients of your organization. That is random selection. Now, let's say you randomly assign 50 of these clients to get some new additional treatment and the other 50 to be controls. That's random assignment.

6.

Simple random sampling 

In a simple random sample (SRS) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection: the frame is not subdivided or partitioned. Furthermore, any given pair of elements has the same chance of selection as any other such pair (and similarly for triples, and so on). This minimises bias and simplifies analysis of results. In particular, the variance between individual results within the sample is a good indicator of variance in the overall population, which makes it relatively easy to estimate the accuracy of results

Stratified sampling

Where the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.

Cluster sampling

it is a variation of the simple random sample that is particularly appropriate when the population o interest is infinite, when a list of the members of the population of interest is infinite, when a list of the members of the population does not exist, or when the geographic distribution of the individuals is widely scattered.

 9.         A table of numbers generated in an unpredictable, haphazard sequence. Tables of random numbers are used to create a random samples. A random number table is 10.   External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific studies, usually based on experiments as experimental validity ,In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.

therefore also called a random sample table. A random number table is a list of numbers, composed of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Numbers in the list are arranged so that each digit has no predictable relationship to the digits that preceded it or to the digits that followed it.

11.     Population Generalizability- The extent to which the results obtained from a sample are generalizable to a larger group.

    

      Ecological Generalizability- The degree to which results can be generalized to environments and conditions outside the research setting.

12.  Sampling Size- The sample size of a statistical sample is the number of observations that constitute it. The sample size is typically denoted by n and it is always a positive integer. No exact sample size can be mentioned here and it can vary in different research settings. However, all else being equal, large sized sample leads to increased precision in estimates of various properties of the population.

13.  When a sample is not representative, the result is known as a sampling error. Using the classroom example again, a sample that included six students, all of whom were male, would not be a representative sample. Whatever conclusions were drawn from studying the six male students would not be likely to translate to the entire group since no female students were studied.

good evening mam,

                      This week is  very helpful for me. i clearly understand about the types of sampling. it is very helpful for my research work. what are the different types of sampling for research work? which is the easiest sampling for problem  solving ? i need your help mam.

thank you madam

Reflection:

hello mam.

              First i ask sorry to my late reflection in blog. really i am very proud to be myself. i couldn't expect the research methodology paper is so interesting for me. the credits all to you. whenever you enter the class it became a live classroom. last class you told about the auto anna, it was so encourage to me. as a auto man read so many newspaper, why i can't so took decision to read newspaper and also there is a crystal clean picture about the qualitative and quantitative.i hope in my next class i will be give my full attention to research methodology class.

thank you mam.

1. A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth - "In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge
2. Educational research refers to a variety of methods in which individuals evaluate different aspects of education including but not limited to: “student learning, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics”
3. This need for doing research education is research  collect all education details and growth our knowledge.
4. Teachers will develop our knowledge and professional growth.
5. Scholar first will know society problem and then scholar solved that problem.
6. Educational research attempts to solve a problem, Research involves gathering new data from primary or first-hand sources or using existing data for a new purpose and Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
7.  All discipline like philosophy, psychology, sociology interlinked each other.
   
8. University grants commission, National council for teacher education, National council for educational and research training, National university of educational planning and administration, Indian council of social science research, Department of science and technology, Education resource and information center, Ministry of Human resource  development.
9. Collection of Data, Financial problem, Duration, Health, Facilities, Communication problem.
   
10. Effectiveness of cognitive development of among students Sri. V. Ramamoorthy govt. high school, Madukarai.